Effectiveness Review
Analytic Framework
[PDF - 68 KB]
When starting an effectiveness review, the systematic review team develops an analytic framework. The analytic framework illustrates how the intervention approach is thought to affect public health. It guides the search for evidence and may be used to summarize the evidence collected. The analytic framework often includes intermediate outcomes, potential effect modifiers, potential harms, and potential additional benefits.
Effectiveness Review
No content is available for this section.
The number of studies and publications do not always correspond (e.g., a publication may include several studies or one study may be explained in several publications).
Effectiveness Review
Bolognia JL, Berwick M, Fine JA, Simpson P, Jasmin M. Sun protection in newborns. A comparison of educational methods. Am J Diseases Children 1991;145:1125-9.
Buller DB, Burgoon M, Hall JR et al. Using language intensity to increase the success of a family intervention to protect children from ultraviolet radiation: predictions from language expectancy theory. Prev Med 2000;30:103-14.
Glanz K, Chang L, Song V, Silverio R, Muneoka L. Skin cancer prevention for children, parents, and caregivers: a field test of Hawaii's SunSmart program. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:413-7.
Glanz K, Geller AC, Shigaki D, Maddock JE, Isnec MR. A randomized trial of skin cancer prevention in aquatic settings: the Pool Cool program. Health Psychol 2002;In press.
Glanz K, Lew RA, Song V, Murakami-Akatsuka L. Skin cancer prevention in outdoor recreation settings: effects of the Hawaii SunSmart Program. Eff Clin Pract 2000;3:53-61.
Mayer JA, Lewis E.C, Eckhardt L et al. Promoting sun safety among zoo visitors. Prev Med 2001;33:162-9.
Mayer JA, Slymen DJ, Eckhardt L et al. Reducing ultraviolet radiation exposure in children. Prev Med 1997;26:516-22.
Miller DR, Geller AC, Wood MC, Lew RA, Koh HK. The Falmouth Safe Skin Project: Evaluation of a community program to promote sun protection in youth. Health Educ Behav 1999;26:369-84.
Rodrigue JR. Promoting healthier behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs toward sun exposure in parents of young children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996;64:1431-6.
The following search strategy was used for the following reviews of interventions to prevent skin cancer: Community-Wide, Mass Media Campaigns (archived); Community-Wide, Multicomponent Interventions (archived); Education and Policy Approaches for Healthcare Settings and Providers; Education and Policy Approaches in Child Care Centers (archived); Education and Policy Approaches in Primary School Settings (archived); Education and Policy Approaches in Secondary Schools and Colleges (archived); Education and Policy Approaches in Outdoor Occupational Settings (archived); Education and Policy Approaches in Outdoor Recreational Settings (archived); Interventions Targeting Children’s Parents and Caregivers.
Effectiveness Review
Electronic searches for literature were conducted in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL (nursing and allied health). The team also reviewed the references listed in all retrieved articles, and consulted with experts on the systematic review development team and elsewhere, including seeking published and unpublished articles in a sun protection listserve sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency. The team included journal articles and governmental reports. The initial literature search on the topic was conducted in 1999, and the search was updated monthly until June 2000.
To be included, identified studies had to:
- Evaluate a specified population-based intervention for the prevention of skin cancer
- Be published in English from 1966 to June 2000
- Involve primary prevention of skin cancer (i.e., studies promoting screening were excluded because the effectiveness of screening was uncertain according to the USPSTF (see www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsskca.htm)
- Evaluate effectiveness and assess at least one of the outcomes specified on the team’s analytic frameworks and/or provide information on one or more of the following domains: applicability, other effects (i.e., harms or side effects), economic evaluation, or barriers to intervention implementation
- Be conducted in an established market economy*
- Be a primary study rather than, for example, a guideline or review
Studies of effectiveness or applicability also required that the study compare a group of people who had been exposed to the intervention with a group of people who had not been exposed or who had been less exposed. (The comparisons could be concurrent or in the same group over time. Studies in the other domains could be with or without a comparison.)
Search Strategy
1 skin neoplasms/or skin cancer.tw.
2 melanoma/
3 carcinoma, basal cell/or carcinoma, squamous cell/
4 nevus/or nevi.tw.
5 keratosis/
6 actinic keratoses.tw.
7 (sun damage or photodamage).tw. or skin aging/
8 solar keratoses.tw.
9 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8
10 primary prevention/or prevention.mp. [mp _title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
11 pc.fs.
12 knowledge/or knowledge, attitudes, practice/or knowledge.mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
13 awareness/or awareness.mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
14 (attitude or attitude or attitudes).mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
15 public policy/or policy.mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
16 health promotion/or health education/
17 behavior/or behavior:.mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
18 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17
19 9 and 18
20 19 not screen:.tw,hw.
21 19 and screen:.tw,hw. and primary prevention.mp. [mp _ title; abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
22 20 or 21
23 (sunburn: or suntan: or tanning).mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
24 ultraviolet rays/or ultraviolet radiation.mp. [mp _title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
25 (sun exposur: or sun protect: or sun safety or solar protect: or solar exposur:).mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject
heading]
26 sunlight/or protective clothing/or protective clothing.mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
27 sunscreening agents/
28 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27
29 18 and 28
30 29 not screen:.tw,hw.
31 29 and screen:.tw,hw. and primary prevention.mp. [mp _ title, abstract, registry number word, mesh subject heading]
32 30 or 31
33 22 or 32
34 limit 33 to English language
35 limit 34 to human