Effectiveness Review
Analytic Framework
[PDF - 67 KB]
When starting an effectiveness review, the systematic review team develops an analytic framework. The analytic framework illustrates how the intervention approach is thought to affect public health. It guides the search for evidence and may be used to summarize the evidence collected. The analytic framework often includes intermediate outcomes, potential effect modifiers, potential harms, and potential additional benefits.
This Task Force finding is based on evidence from the existing systematic review (14 studies, search period through March 2012):
- Lonsdale C, Rosenkranz RR, Peralta LR, Bennie A, Fahey P, Lubans DR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Prev Med 2013;56(2):152-61.
The number of studies and publications do not always correspond (e.g., a publication may include several studies or one study may be explained in several publications).
Effectiveness Review
Studies from the Existing Systematic Review
Fairclough S, Stratton G. Improving health-enhancing physical activity in girls' physical education. Health Educ Res 2005;(4):448-57.
Ignico A, Corson A, Vidoni C. The effects of an intervention strategy on children's heart rates and skill performance. Early Child Dev Care 2006;176(7):753-61.
McKenzie TL, Nader PR, Strikmiller PK, et al. School physical education: effect of the child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health. Prev Med 1996;25(4):423-31.
McKenzie TL, Sallis JF, Prochaska JJ, et al. Evaluation of a two-year middle-school physical education intervention: M-SPAN. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36(8):1382-8.
McKenzie TL, Stone EJ, Feldman HA, et al. Effects of the CATCH physical education intervention: teacher type and lesson location. Am J Prev Med 2001;21(2):101-9.
Quinn PB, Strand B. A comparison of two instructional formats on heart rate intensity and skill development. Physical Educator 1995;52(2):62-9.
Rowlands AV, Esliger DW, Pilgrim EL, et al. Physical activity content of Motive8 PE compared to primary school PE lessons in the context of children's overall daily activity levels. J Exerc Sci Fit 2008;6(1):26-33.
Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Alcaraz JE, et al. The effects of a 2-year physical education program (SPARK) on physical activity and fitness in elementary school students. Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids. Am J Public Health 1997; 87(8):1328-34.
Scantling E, Dugdale H, Bishop P, et al. The effects of two instructional formats on the heart rate intensity and skill development of physical education students. Physical Educator 1998; 55(3):138.
Simons-Morton BG, Parcel GS, Baranowski T, et al. Promoting physical activity and a healthful diet among children: results of a school-based intervention study. Am J Public Health 1991;81(8):986-91.
Strand B, Anderson C. A comparison of two instructional formats on heart rate intensity, skill achievement and student attitude. Neb J Health Phys Educ Recreat Dance 1996;27:21-4.
van Beurden E, Barnett LM, Zask A, et al. Can we skill and activate children through primary school physical education lessons? "Move it Groove it"--a collaborative health promotion intervention. Prev Med 2003;36(4):493-501.
Verstraete S, Cardon G, De Clercq D, et al. Effectiveness of a two-year health-related physical education intervention in elementary schools. J Teach Phys Educ 2007;26(1):20-34.
Webber LS, Catellier DJ, Lytle LA, et al. Promoting physical activity in middle school girls: Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls. Am J Prev Med 2008;34(3):173-84.
Young DR, Phillips JA, Yu T, et al. Effects of a life skills intervention for increasing physical activity in adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;160(12):1255-61.
CDC’s High-Impact in 5 years
initiative recommends school-based programs to increase physical activity based on systematic review evidence that shows they lead to positive outcomes within five years and have economic value.
Effectiveness Review
This literature search was performed to provide a systematic review of the evidence to the Guide to Community Preventive Services and update previous reviews of the literature on approaches to increase physical activity (Khan et al., 2002, Heath et al., 2006).
The updated search for evidence was done in two parts and included the following intervention approaches: 1) Campaigns and Information, 2) Behavioral and Social, and 3) Environmental and Policy.
In July 2008, the following databases were searched for evidence: CSA Sociological Abstracts, Allied & Complementary Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sportdiscus, and Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS).
In 2014, an additional search was conducted to bridge the evidence from 2008–2013. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, Sociological Abstracts, Environment Abstracts, and Transport Research International Documentation (TRID).
The databases searched covered publications in biomedical, behavioral, environmental, and transportation sciences. The types of documents searched in the databases included journal articles, books, book chapters, reports, conference papers, and dissertations.
Search strategies were adjusted to each database, based on controlled and uncontrolled vocabularies and search software. In addition, the bibliographies of all reviewed articles were used to identify any further literature.
References
Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson R, et al. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: a systematic review.
[PDF - 3.14 MB]. Am J Prev Med 2002;22(4S):73-107.
Heath GW, Brownson RC, Kruger J, et al. The effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies and practices to increase physical activity: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health 2006;3(Suppl 1):S55-76.
Search for Evidence: January, 2008 – December, 2013
Ovid MEDLINE
- physical activit$.ti,ab.
- Exercise/
- exercise$.ti.
- Physical Fitness/
- physical inactivity.ti,ab.
- Leisure Activities/
- Recreation/
- moderate activity.ti,ab.
- vigorous activity.ti,ab.
- Walking/
- walking.ti.
- Running/
- running.ti.
- Jogging/
- jogging.ti.
- Bicycling/
- bicycl$.ti.
- Resistance Training/
- Motor Activity/
- or/1-19
- health promotion/
- health promotion.ti,ab.
- healthy people programs/
- Health Behavior/
- motivational interview$.ti,ab.
- ((lifestyle or life style) adj (chang$ or intervention$)).ti,ab.
- (behavio$ chang$ or behavio$ modification$).ti,ab.
- behavio$ intervention$.ti,ab.
- Attitude to Health/
- Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/
- "Physical Education and Training"/
- physical education.ti,ab.
- Health Education/
- health education.ti,ab.
- school based.ti,ab.
- recess.ti.
- recess.ti,ab. and school$.ti,ab,hw.
- (after school or afterschool).ti,ab.
- child care/ or child day care centers/
- (childcare or child care).ti.
- (worksite$ or work site$ or workplace$ or work place$).ti,ab.
- (community or communities).ti,ab.
- neighborhood$.ti,ab.
- fitness centers/
- Social Support/
- social environment/
- community networks/
- Environment Design/
- City Planning/
- physical environment.ti,ab.
- built environment.ti,ab.
- Transportation/
- active commut$.ti,ab.
- Telephone/
- (web based or website$ or computer based).ti,ab.
- social media.ti,ab.
- blog$.ti,ab.
- text messaging/ or text message$.ti,ab.
- video games/
- ((active or motion) adj3 (game$ or gaming)).ti,ab.
- Social Marketing/
- campaign$.ti,ab.
- (intervention$ or program).ti.
- or/21-63
- 20 and 64
- limit 65 to english language
- limit 66 to humans
- limit 66 to animals
- 68 not 67
- 66 not 69
- limit 70 to yr="2008 -Current"
PubMed
- Search "physical activity"[tiab]
- Search "physical activities"[tiab]
- Search exercise*[ti]
- Search "physical inactivity"[tiab]
- Search moderate activity[tiab]
- Search vigorous activity[tiab]
- Search walking[ti]
- Search running[ti]
- Search jogging[ti]
- Search bicycl*[ti]
- Search #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10
- Search motivational interview*[tiab]
- Search (lifestyle[tiab] OR "life style"[tiab]) AND (chang*[tiab] OR intervention*[tiab])
- Search behavio* chang*[tiab] OR behavio* modification*[tiab]
- Search behavio* intervention*[tiab]
- Search "health promotion"[tiab]
- Search "Physical Education"[tiab]
- Search "health Education"[tiab]
- Search school based[tiab]
- Search recess[ti]
- Search recess[tiab] AND school*[tiab]
- Search after school[tiab] OR afterschool[tiab]
- Search childcare[ti] OR "child care"[ti]
- Search worksite*[tiab] OR work site*[tiab] OR workplace*[tiab] OR work place*[tiab]
- Search community[tiab] OR communities[tiab]
- Search neighborhood*[tiab]
- Search "physical environment"[tiab]
- Search "built environment"[tiab]
- Search active commut*[tiab]
- Search web based[tiab] OR website*[tiab] OR computer based[tiab]
- Search social media[tiab]
- Search blog*[tiab]
- Search text message*[tiab]
- Search (active[tiab] OR motion[tiab]) AND (game*[tiab] OR gaming[tiab])
- Search campaign*[tiab]
- Search intervention*[ti] OR program[ti]
- Search #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36
- Search #11 AND #37
- Search #11 AND #37 AND publisher[sb]
- Search #11 AND #37 AND publisher[sb] Filters: English
- Search #11 AND #37 AND publisher[sb] Filters: Publication date from 2008/01/01; English Sort by: PublicationDate
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
- (MH "Exercise") OR (MH "Walking") OR (MH "Physical Activity") OR (MH "Cycling") OR (MH "Physical Fitness")
- (MH "Leisure Activities") OR (MH "Recreation")
- (MH "Running") OR (MH "Jogging")
- 1 OR 2 OR 3
- (MH "Health Promotion")
- (MH "Health Education")
- (MH "Health Behavior")
- (MH "Motivational Interviewing")
- (MH "Life Style Changes")
- (MH "Behavior Modification")
- (MH "Attitude to Health")
- (MH "Health Knowledge")
- (MH "Physical Education and Training")
- school and recess
- "after school" OR afterschool
- (MH "Child Care") OR (MH "Child Day Care")
- worksite OR workplace OR "work site" OR "work place"
- (MH "Communities") OR (MH "Poverty Areas") OR (MH "Rural Areas") OR (MH "Suburban Areas") OR (MH "Urban Areas")
- neighborhood*
- (MH "Fitness Centers")
- (MH "Support, Psychosocial")
- (MH "Social Environment")
- (MH "Community Networks")
- (MH "Transportation") OR (MH "Bicycles")
- (MH "Telephone")
- (MH "Blogs")
- (MH "World Wide Web") OR (MH "World Wide Web Applications")
- (MH "Instant Messaging")
- (MH "Video Games")
- (MH "Social Marketing")
- "campaigns"
- TI intervention* OR TI program
- (TI intervention* OR TI program OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14 OR 15 OR 16 OR 17 OR 18 OR 19 OR 20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 23 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 OR 29 OR 30 OR 31 OR 32) AND 4
- (ZR "2008") or (ZR "2009") or (ZR "2010") or (ZR "2011") or (ZR "2012") or (ZR "2013")
- 33 AND 34
- (33 AND 34 ) AND LA english
PsycINFO
- Physical Activity/
- Exercise/
- Physical Fitness/
- Recreation/
- Walking/
- Running/
- bicycl$.ti.
- or/1-7
- Health Promotion/
- Health Behavior/
- Active Living/
- Motivational Interviewing/
- Behavior Change/
- Lifestyle Changes/
- behavio$ intervention$.ti,ab.
- Health Knowledge/
- Health Education/
- Physical Education/
- School Based Intervention/
- recess.ti.
- recess.ti,ab. and school$.ti,ab,hw.
- After School Programs/
- Child Care/
- Child Day Care/
- Working Conditions/
- (worksite$ or work site$ or workplace$ or work place$).ti.
- Communities/
- Neighborhoods/
- Social Support/
- Social Networks/
- Social Environments/
- Environmental Planning/
- Urban Planning/
- Built Environment/
- Urban Environments/
- Suburban Environments/
- Transportation/
- Public Transportation/
- "Commuting (Travel)"/
- active commut$.ti,ab.
- Websites/
- (web based or computer based).ti,ab.
- Computer Mediated Communication/
- Social Media/
- blog$.ti,ab.
- text messag$.ti,ab.
- Computer Games/
- ((active or motion) adj3 (game$ or gaming)).ti,ab.
- Social Marketing/
- campaign$.ti,ab.
- (intervention$ or program).ti.
- or/9-51
- 8 and 52
- limit 53 to english language
- limit 54 to yr="2008 -Current"
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
- physical next activity:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- exercise*:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- physical next fitness:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- physical next inactivity:ti,ab from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- leisure next activities:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- recreation:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- moderate next activity:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- vigorous next activity:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- walking:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- running:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- jogging:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- bicycl*:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- resistance next training:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- motor next activity:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- {or 1-14} from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- health next promotion:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- health next behavior:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials (Word variations have been searched)
- motivational next interview*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- (lifestyle:ti,ab,kw or life next style:ti,ab,kw) and (chang*:ti,ab,kw or intervention*:ti,ab,kw) from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- behavio* next chang*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- behavio* next modification*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- behavio* next intervention*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- "attitude to health":ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- "health knowledge":ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013
- physical next education:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- school next based:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- recess:ti,ab,kw and school*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- after next school:ti,ab,kw or afterschool:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- child next care:ti,ab,kw or childcare:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- child:ti,ab,kw and (day next care:ti,ab,kw or daycare:ti,ab,kw) from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- worksite:ti,ab,kw or work next site:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- workplace:ti,ab,kw or work next place:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- community:ti,ab,kw or communities:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- neighborhood*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- fitness next center*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- social next support:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- social next environment:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- environment* next design:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- city next planning:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- physical next environment:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- built environment:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- transportation:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- active next commut*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- telephone:ti,kw or phone:ti,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- web next based:ti,ab,kw or website:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- social next media:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- blog*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- text next messag*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- video next game*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- active near gam*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- motion near gam*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- social next marketing:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- campaign*:ti,ab,kw from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- intervention*:ti or program:ti from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- {or 16-54} from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
- 15 and 55 from 2008 to 2013, in Trials
Sociological Abstracts and Environment Abstracts
((TI("physical activity") OR TI((exercise* OR "physical fitness")) OR TI(("physical inactivity" OR "leisure activities")) OR TI((recreation OR "moderate activity")) OR TI(("vigorous activity" OR walking)) OR TI((running OR jogging)) OR TI((bicycl* OR "resistance training")) OR TI("motor activity")) OR all(recess AND school*))
AND
((all("health promotion") OR all(("health behavior" OR "health behaviour")) OR all(("motivational interview*" OR lifestyle NEAR/2 chang*)) OR all((lifestyle NEAR/2 intervention* OR "life style" NEAR/2 chang*)) OR all(("life style" NEAR/2 intervention* OR behavio* NEAR/2 chang*)) OR all((behavio* NEAR/2 intervention* OR behavio* NEAR/2 modification*)) OR all(("attitude to health" OR "health knowledge")) OR all(("physical education" OR "school based")) OR all((recess AND school* OR "after school")) OR all(afterschool)) OR (all("child care") OR all((childcare OR child AND "day care")) OR all((child AND daycare OR worksite*)) OR all(("work site*" OR workplace*)) OR all(("work place*" OR community)) OR all((communities OR neighborhood*)) OR all(("fitness center*" OR "social support")) OR all(("social environment" OR "environment* design")) OR all(("city planning" OR "physical environment")) OR all(("built environment" OR transportation))) OR (all("active commut*") OR all((telephone OR phone)) OR all(("web based" OR website)) OR all(("social media" OR blog*)) OR all(("test messag*" OR "video game*")) OR all((active NEAR/3 gam* OR motion NEAR/3 gam*)) OR all(("social marketing" OR campaign*)) OR ti((intervention* OR program)))) = 894
Transport Research International Documentation
Index Terms:
Bicycle commuting OR
Bicycling OR
Cyclists OR
Bicycle travel OR
Physical fitness OR
Walking OR
Title:
bike* OR
bicycl* OR
walking OR
Keywords:
"physical activity" OR
"physical inactivity" OR
"physical exercise" OR
jogging
AND
Languages:
English
AND
Published/started date range:
2008 to 2013
Search for Evidence: Through July, 2008
MEDLINE
- physical activity.mp
- exp *exercise/
- exp *physical fitness/
- cardiorespiratory fitness.mp.
- exp *exertion/
- aerobic capacity.mp.
- exp *motor activity/
- sedentary$.mp.
- physical inactivity.mp.
- exp *leisure activities/
- exp *recreation/
- moderate activity.mp.
- vigorous activity.mp.
- exp *running/
- exp *jogging/
- exp *walking/
- climb$.mp.
- stair$.mp.
- occupational physical activity.mp.
- exp *housekeeping/
- household physical activity.mp.
- or/1-21
- exp *health promotion/
- exp *healthy people programs/
- 23 or 24
- 22 and 25
- exp *health behavior/
- exp *attitude to health/
- exp *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/
- (behavior and behavior mechanism).mp.
- (physical phenomena and processes).mp.
- 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31
- 22 and 32
- exp *"Physical Education and Training"/
- exp *health education/
- school health education.mp.
- classroom health education.mp.
- 34 or 35 or 36 or 37
- 22 and 38
- TV viewing.mp.
- video game playing.mp.
- 40 or 41
- 22 and 42
- college physical education.mp.
- college health education.mp.
- 44 or 45
- 22 and 46
- exp *social support/
- exp *family health/
- exp *social environment/
- 48 or 49 or 50
- 22 and 51
- decision.mp.
- point$ of decision$.mp.
- 53 or 54
- 22 and 55
- exp *environment/
- exp *environment design/
- exp *urban population/
- pedestrian*.mp.
- exp *urban health/
- environmental change$.mp.
- environmental interventionS.mp.
- 57 or 58 or 59 or 60 or 61 or 62 or 63
- 22 and 64
- exp *fitness centers/
- 22 and 66
- exp *occupational health/
- 22 and 68
- exp *transportation/
- 22 and 70
- exp *mass media/
- mass media.mp.
- exp *communications media/
- exp *communication/
- exp *information dissemination/
- exp *diffusion of innovation/
- exp *telecommunications/
- exp *radio/
- exp *telephone/
- exp *television/
- exp *computer-assisted instruction/
- exp *internet/
- exp *marketing/
- exp *marketing of health services/
- exp *social marketing/
- campaign.mp.
- advertising.mp.
- 72 or 73 or 74 or 75 or 76 or 77 or 78 or 79 or 80 or 81 or 82 or 83 or 84 or 85 or 86 or 87 or 88
- 22 and 89
- community.mp.
- 22 and 91
- college.mp.
- 22 and 93
- classroom.mp.
- 22 and 95
- strength training.mp.
- resistance training.mp.
- weight lifting.mp.
- 97 or 98 or 99
- 22 and 100
- exp *Bicycling/
- 22 and 102
- 39 or 43 or 47 or 52 or 56 or 65 or 67 or 69 or 71 or 90 or 92 or 94 or 96 or 101 or 103
Economic Review
No content is available for this section.
Chriqui JF, Eyler A, Carnoske C, Slater S. State and district policy influences on district-wide elementary and middle school physical education practices. J Public Health Manag Pract 2013; 19(3 Suppl 1):S41-8.
Institute of Medicine. Educating the student body: taking physical activity and physical education to school. Washington (DC):The National Academies Press; 2013.
Lonsdale C, Rosenkranz RR, Peralta LR, Bennie A, Fahey P, Lubans DR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Prev Med 2013; 56 (2):152-61.
National Association for Sport and Physical Education. 2010 Shape of the nation report: Status of physical education in the USA. Reston (VA): American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance; 2010.
National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Physical education is critical to educating the whole child [Position statement]. Reston (VA): American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance; 2011.
Pate RR, Davis MG, Robinson TN et al. Promoting physical activity in children and youth: A leadership role for schools: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism (physical activity committee) in collaboration with the councils on cardiovascular disease in the young and cardiovascular nursing. Dallas (TX): American Heart Association; 2006.
U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans. ODPHP Publication No. U0036. 2008. Washington (DC): 2008. Available from URL: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines
.