Reducing Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Provider Reminders with Provider Education – Inactive

Inactive Community Guide Review

The reviews and findings listed on this page are inactive. Inactive reviews and findings are not scheduled for an update at this time, though they may be updated in the future. Findings become inactive when reviewed interventions are no longer commonly used, when other organizations begin systematically reviewing the interventions, or as a result of conflicting priorities within a topic area.

Summary of CPSTF Finding

The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends provider reminder systems with a provider education program with or without educational materials for tobacco- using clients based on strong evidence of effectiveness that this combination:
  1. Increases provider delivery of advice to quit to tobacco using clients
  2. Increases client tobacco use cessation

This recommendation reflects the evidence of effectiveness of the most common combination evaluated, as the contribution of the individual components to overall effectiveness of these interventions could not be determined.

Provider reminder systems are recommended:

  1. Whether used alone or as part of a multicomponent intervention (Provider Reminder Systems with Provider Education)
  2. Across a range of intervention characteristics (chart stickers, checklists, and flowcharts), and
  3. In a variety of clinical settings and populations

Intervention

Provider reminder systems with provider education are multicomponent strategies to increase tobacco use cessation. These strategies include efforts to educate and to prompt providers to identify and intervene with tobacco-using clients, as well as to provide additional educational materials. The components of this intervention are a provider reminder system and a provider education program with or without client education materials such as self-help cessation manuals.

CPSTF Finding and Rationale Statement

Read the Task Force Finding [PDF – 392 kB].

About The Systematic Review

Thirty-one studies qualified for the review.

These findings were based on a systematic review of all available studies, conducted on behalf of the Task Force by a team of specialists in systematic review methods, and in research, practice and policy related to tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure.

Context

There is no information for this section.

Summary of Results

  • For interventions that included at least a provider reminder system and a provider education program:
    • The number of clients who received advice from a provider to quit tobacco use increased by a median of 20.0 percentage points.
    • There was a median 4.7 percentage point increase in the number of clients who quit tobacco use.
  • For interventions that included provider reminders, provider education and client education:
    • Provider advice to quit increased by a median of 22.0 percentage points.
    • The number of clients who quit increased by a median of 5.7 percentage points.
  • These programs are applicable in different settings, populations, and with different forms of tobacco.
  • Studies were carried out in a variety of healthcare settings including HMOs, private practices, physician training programs, and public health clinics as well as in provider populations such as primary care, internal, and family medicine.

Summary of Economic Evidence

An economic review of this intervention was not conducted.

Applicability

No content is available for this section.

Evidence Gaps

What are Evidence Gaps?

Each Community Preventive Services Task Force (Task Force) review identifies critical evidence gaps areas where information is lacking. Evidence gaps can exist whether or not a recommendation is made. In cases when the Task Force finds insufficient evidence to determine whether an intervention strategy works, evidence gaps encourage researchers and program evaluators to conduct more effectiveness studies. When the Task Force recommends an intervention, evidence gaps highlight missing information that would help users determine if the intervention could meet their particular needs. For example, evidence may be needed to determine where the intervention will work, with which populations, how much it will cost to implement, whether it will provide adequate return on investment, or how users should structure or deliver the intervention to ensure effectiveness. Finally, evidence may be missing for outcomes different from those on which the Task Force recommendation is based.

Identified Evidence Gaps

Effectiveness

The effectiveness of recommended and strongly recommended interventions in this section (i.e., multicomponent provider reminder plus provider education with or without patient education materials; provider reminder systems alone; multicomponent interventions that include telephone cessation support; and reduction of patient out-of-pocket costs for cessation) is established. However, research issues regarding the effectiveness of these interventions remain.

  • Which characteristics of provider-based interventions contribute to increased or decreased effectiveness?
  • What are the least and most effective combinations of services in multicomponent interventions?
  • What is the effect of provider reminder systems on patient tobacco use cessation when implemented alone?
  • What is the relative effectiveness of provider reminders that focus on determination of patient tobacco use status versus reminders that prompt for delivery of advice to quit?
  • How do content and method of delivery of provider reminders relate to effectiveness?
  • Can reducing patient costs for effective cessation services increase the effectiveness of provider-based interventions?
  • What is the most effective level of implementation for telephone cessation support services?
  • Is the use and effectiveness of telephone cessation support increased when community and clinical cessation support programs are coordinated? Because the effectiveness of two interventions (provider education when used alone and provider feedback systems) has not been established, basic research questions remain. This is especially true for provider assessment and feedback systems for which the number of available studies was small.

Because the effectiveness of two interventions (provider education when used alone and provider feedback systems) has not been established, basic research questions remain. This is especially true for provider assessment and feedback systems for which the number of available studies was small.

  • What are the effects of provider assessment and feedback interventions on provider delivery of advice to quit to tobacco-using patients? On patient tobacco use cessation?
  • What is the effectiveness of HEDIS, as a form of assessment, feedback, and benchmarking, in improving patient receipt of advice to quit and patient tobacco use cessation? Does effectiveness vary by practice setting?
  • What frequency, duration, and format of provider education efforts are required to obtain consistent improvements in provider performance and patient response?

Applicability

Each recommended and strongly recommended provider-based intervention should be applicable in most relevant target populations and settings. However, possible differences in the effectiveness of each intervention for specific subgroups of patient and provider populations could not be determined. Several questions regarding the applicability of these interventions in settings and populations other than those studied remain.

  • Do provider-based interventions differ in effectiveness in different patient populations?
  • Are provider-based interventions effective in increasing cessation or in reducing initiation in adolescent populations?
  • Do significant differences exist regarding the effectiveness of these interventions, based on the level of scale at which they are delivered?

Other Positive or Negative Effects

With the exception of the use of provider reminder systems to prompt action on other preventive services, studies in this review did not report on other positive and negative effects of these interventions. Research on the following questions would be useful:

  • Do provider-based interventions for tobacco use cessation interfere with office flow or efficiency? If so, how can this effect be minimized?
  • Do provider-based interventions increase or decrease the delivery of other preventive services?

Economic Evaluation

Available economic information was limited in this section. Considerable research is warranted regarding the following questions:

  • What are the costs for provider-based interventions?
  • What are the costs for patient-based interventions?
  • How do the costs per additional quitter compare with other interventions intended to reduce tobacco use?
  • What is the cost-benefit, cost-utility, or the cost per illness averted of these interventions?
  • What is the cost-effectiveness for provider interventions that target tobacco alone compared with provider interventions that target multiple preventive services?

Barriers

Research questions regarding the potential barriers identified for the interventions evaluated in this section include the following:

  • How can provider-based interventions that place minimal administrative burden on providers or systems be implemented?
  • What information is needed to overcome potential barriers to the implementation of provider assessment and feedback interventions?
  • What information is needed to overcome potential barriers to reducing patient out-of-pocket costs for effective cessation therapies?
  • What is the effect on use of combining effective pharmacologic therapies and behavioral programs as a criterion for reimbursement? What is the effect on use and effectiveness if these cessation options are provided independently?

Study Characteristics

No content is available for this section.

Publications

Hopkins D, Briss PA, Ricard CJ, et al. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):16-66.

Task Force on Community Services. Recommendations regarding interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):10-5.

Hopkins DP, Husten CG, Fielding JE, Rosenquist JN, Westphal LL. Evidence reviews and recommendations on interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: a summary of selected guidelines. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):67-87.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies for reducing exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, increasing tobacco-use cessation, and reducing initiation in communities and health-care systems. A report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive. MMWR 2000;49(RR-12): 1-11. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4912a1.htm.

Curry SJ, Fiore MC, Burns ME. Community-level tobacco interventions: perspective of managed care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):6-7.

Satcher D. Forward: note from the Surgeon General. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):1.

Warner KE. Tobacco control policy: from action to evidence and back again. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):2-5.

Wasserman MP. Guide to community preventive services: state and local opportunities for tobacco use reduction. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):8-9.

Task Force on Community Services, Zaza S, Briss PA, Harris KW. Tobacco. In: The Guide to Community Preventive Services: What Works to Promote Health? Atlanta (GA): Oxford University Press; 2005:3-79.

Analytic Framework

No content is available for this section.

Summary Evidence Table

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Included Studies

Cohen SJ, Stookey GK, Katz BP, Drook CA, Christen AG. Helping smokers quit: a randomized controlled trial with private practice dentists. Journal of the American Dental Association 1989;118:41-5.

Cohen SJ, Stookey GK, Katz BP, Drook CA, Smith DM. Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989;110:648-52.

Conger B, Nelson EC, Dietrich AJ, et al. Effectiveness of physician antismoking advice. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1987;3:223-6.

Cummings SR, Coates TJ, Richard RJ, et al. Training physicians in counseling about smoking cessation. A randomized trial of the “Quit for Life” program. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989;110:640-7.

Cummings SR, Richard RJ, Duncan CL, et al. Training physicians about smoking cessation: a controlled trial in private practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1989;4:482-9.

Dietrich AJ, O’Conner GT, Keller A, Carney PA, Levy D, Whaley FS. Cancer: improving early detection and prevention. A community practice randomised trial. BMJ 1992;304:687-91.

Duncan C, Stein MJ, Cummings SR. Staff involvement and special follow-up time increase physicians’ counseling about smoking cessation: a controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health 1991;81:899-901.

Hartmann KE, Thorp JMJ, Pahel-Short L, Koch MA. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation intervention in pregnancy in an academic clinic. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1996;87:621-6.

Kottke TE, Solberg LI, Brekke ML, Conn SA, Maxwell P, Brekke MJ. A controlled trial to integrate smoking cessation advice into primary care practice: Doctors Helping Smokers, Round III. Journal of Family Practice 1992;34:701-8.

Manfredi C, Crittenden KS, Warnecke RB, Engler J, Cho YI, Shaligram C. Evaluation of a motivational smoking cessation intervention for women in public health clinics. Preventive Medicine 1999;28:51-60.

McIlvain HE, Susman JL, Manners MA, Davis CM, Gilbert CS. Improving smoking cessation counseling by family practice residents. Journal of Family Practice 1992;34:745-9.

McPhee S, Bird J, Fordham D, Rodnick J. Promoting cancer prevention activities by primary care physicians: results of a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 1991;266:538-44.

Morgan GD, Noll EL, Orleans CT, Rimer BK, Amfoh K, Bonney G. Reaching midlife and older smokers: tailored interventions for routine medical care. Preventive Medicine 1996;25:346-54.

Petersen L, Handel J, Kotch J, Podedworny T, Rosen A. Smoking reduction during pregnancy by a program of self-help and clinical support. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1992;79:924-30.

Rodney WM, Nutter D, Widoff B. Recording patients’ consumption of social drugs in a family medicine residency: a longitudinal study. Family Practice 1985;2:86-90.

Secker-Walker RH, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, Skelly JM, Mead PB. Reducing smoking during pregnancy and postpartum: Physician’s advice supported by individual counseling. Preventive Medicine 1998;27:422-30.

Stevens VJ, Severson H, Lichtenstein E, Little SJ, Leben J. Making the most of a teachable moment: a smokeless-tobacco cessation intervention in the dental office. American Journal of Public Health 1995;85:231-5.

Strecher VJ, O’Malley MS, Villagra VG, et al. Can residents be trained to counsel patients about quitting smoking? Results from a randomized trial [see comments]. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1991;6:9-17.

Wall MA, Severson HH, Andrews JA, Lichtenstein E, Zoref L. Pediatric office-based smoking intervention: impact on maternal smoking and relapse [see comments]. Pediatrics 1995;96:622-8.

Wilson DM, Taylor DW, Gilbert JR, et al. A randomized trial of a family physician intervention for smoking cessation. JAMA 1988;260:1570-4.

Search Strategies

No content is available for this section.

Review References

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Considerations for Implementation

Content is in development.