Studies on Vaccine Preventable Diseases

List of identified and reviewed studies* by intervention type: Vaccine Preventable Diseases

These are qualifying studies listed by topic, included in the evidence base. Please click on the topic title or black triangle to expand and see the list under each topic.

Client Reminder/Recall (42 qualifying studies)

O'Sullivan AL, Jacobsen BS. Randomized trial of a health care program for first-time adolescent mothers and their infants. Nurs Res 1992;41(4):210–5.
Oeffinger KC, Roaten SP, Hitchcock MA, Oeffinger PK. Effect of patient education on pediatric immunization rates. J Fam Pract 1992;35:288–93.
Ohmit SE, Furumoto-Dawson A, Monto AS, Fasano N. Influenza vaccine use among an elderly population in a community intervention. Am J Prev Med 1995;11:271–6.
Pierce C, Goldstein M, Suozzi K, Gallaher M, Dietz V, Stevenson J. Impact of the standards for pediatric immunization practices on vaccination coverage levels. JAMA 1996;276:626–30.
Waterman SH, Hill LL, Robyn B, et al. Model immunization demonstration for preschoolers in an inner-city barrio, San Diego, California, 1992–94. Am J Prev Med 1996;12(Suppl 1):8–13.
Browngoehl K, Kennedy K, Krotki K, Mainzer H. Increasing immunization: a Medicaid managed care model. Pediatrics 1997;99(1):E4.
Karuza J, Calkins E, Feather J, Hershey CO, Katz L, Majeroni B. Enhancing physician adoption of practice guidelines: dissemination of influenza vaccination guideline using a small-group consensus process. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:625–32.
Lukasik MH, Pratt G. Telephone: an overlooked technology for prevention in family medicine. Can Fam Physician 1987;33:1997–2001.
Paunio M, Virtanen M, Peltola H, et al. Increase of vaccination coverage by mass media and individual approach: intensified measles, mumps, and rubella prevention program in Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:1152–60.
Alemi F, Alemagno SA, Goldhagen J, et al. Computer reminders improve on-time immunization rates. Med Care 1996;34:OS45–51.
Alto WA, Fury D, Condo A, Doran M, Aduddell M. Improving the immunization coverage of children less than 7 years old in a family practice residency. J Am Board Fam Pract 1994;7:472–7.
Barnas GP, McKinney WP. Postcard reminders and influenza vaccination. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:195.
Barton MB, Schoenbaum SC. Improving influenza vaccination performance in an HMO setting: the use of computer-generated reminders and peer comparison feedback. Am J Public Health 1990;80:534–6.
Becker DM, Gomez EB, Kaiser DL, Yoshihasi A, Hodge RH. Improving prevention care at a medical clinic: how can the patient help? Am J Prev Med 1989;5:353–9.
Brimberry R. Vaccination of high-risk patients for influenza: a comparison of telephone and mail reminder methods. J Fam Pract 1988;26:397–400.
Buchner DM, Larson EB, White RF. Influenza vaccination in community elderly: a controlled trial of postcard reminders. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987;35:755–60.
Buffington J, Bell KM, LaForce FM. Target-based model for increasing influenza immunizations in private practice. J Gen Intern Med 1991;6:204–9.
Campbell JR, Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE, Doane C, Roughmann KJ. Patient-specific reminder letters and pediatric well-child-care show rates. Clin Pediatr 1994;33(5):268–72.
Carter WB, Beach LR, Inui TS. Flu shot study: using multiattribute theory to design a vaccination intervention. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1986;38:378–91.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Increasing influenza vaccination rates for Medicare beneficiaries—Montana and Wyoming, 1994. MMWR 1995;44:744–46.
Frame PS, Zimmer JG, Werth PL, Jackson Hall W, Eberly SW. Computer-based vs manual health maintenance tracking: a controlled study. Arch Fam Med 1994;3:581–8.
Grabenstein JD, Hartzema AG, Guess HA, Johnston WP. Community pharmacists as immunization advocates: a pharmacoepidemiologic experiment. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 1993;2:5–10.
Hutchison BG, Shannon HS. Effect of repeated annual reminder letters on influenza immunization among elderly patients. J Fam Pract 1991;33:187–9.
Larson EB, Bergman J, Heidrich F, Alvin BL, Schneeweiss R. Do postcard reminders improve influenza compliance? A prospective trial of different postcard 'cues."'Med Care 1982;20:639–48.
Lieu TA, Black SB, Ray P, et al. Computer-generated recall letters for underimmunized children: how cost-effective? Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:28–33.
Margolis KL, Nichol KL, Wuorenma J, Von Sternberg TL. Exporting a successful influenza vaccination program from a teaching hospital to a community outpatient setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:1021–3.
McDowell I, Newell C, Rosser W. Comparison of three methods of recalling patients for influenza vaccination. CMAJ 1986;135:991–7.
Moran WP, Nelson K, Wofford JL, Velez R, Case LD. Increasing influenza immunization among high-risk patients: education or financial incentive. Am J Med 1996;101:612–20.
Moran WP, Wofford JL, Velez R. Assessment of influenza immunization of community elderly: illustrating the need for community level health information. Carolina Health Services Review 1995;3:21–9.
Moran WP, Nelson K, Wofford JL, Velez R. Computer-generated mailed reminders for influenza immunization: a clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med 1992;7:535–7.
Mullooly JP. Increasing influenza vaccination among high-risk elderly: a randomized controlled trial of a mail cue in an HMO setting. Am J Public Health 1987;77:626–7.
Nexoe J, Kragstrup J, Rrnne T. Impact of postal invitations and user fee on influenza vaccination rates among the elderly: a randomized controlled trial in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 1997;15:109–12.
Nichol KL, Korn JE, Margolis KL, Poland GA, Petzel RA, Lofgren RP. Achieving the national health objective for influenza immunization: success of an institution-wide vaccination program. Am J Med 1990;89:156–60.
Ornstein SM, Garr DR, Jenkins RG, Rust PF, Arnon A. Computer-generated physician and patient reminders: tools to improve population adherence to selected preventive services. J Fam Pract 1991;32:82–90.
Satterthwaite P. Randomized intervention study to examine the effect on immunization coverage of making influenza vaccine available at no cost. N Z Med J 1997;110:58–60.
Siebers MJ, Hunt VB. Increasing the pneumococcal vaccination rate of elderly patients in a general internal medicine clinic. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985;33:175–8.
Soljak MA, Handford S. Early results from the Northland immunisation register. N Z Med J 1987;100:244–6.
Spaulding SA, Kugler JP. Influenza immunization: the impact of notifying patients of high-risk status. J Fam Pract 1991;33:495–8.
Stehr-Green PA, Dini EF, Lindegren ML, Patriarca PA. Evaluation of telephoned computer-generated reminders to improve immunization coverage at inner-city clinics. Public Health Rep 1993;108:426–30.
Tollestrup K, Hubbard BB. Evaluation of a follow-up system in a county health department's immunization clinic. Am J Prev Med 1991;7:24–8.
Tucker JB, DeSimone JP. Patient response to mail cues recommending influenza vaccine. Fam Med 1987;19:209–12.
Yokley JM, Glenwick DS. Increasing the immunization of preschool children: an evaluation of applied community interventions. J Appl Behav Anal 1984;17:313–25.

Multicomponent Interventions that Include Education (19 qualifying studies)

O'Sullivan AL, Jacobsen BS. Randomized trial of a health care program for first-time adolescent mothers and their infants. Nurs Res 1992;41(4):210–5.
Oeffinger KC, Roaten SP, Hitchcock MA, Oeffinger PK. Effect of patient education on pediatric immunization rates. J Fam Pract 1992;35:288–93.
Ohmit SE, Furumoto-Dawson A, Monto AS, Fasano N. Influenza vaccine use among an elderly population in a community intervention. Am J Prev Med 1995;11:271–6.
Pierce C, Goldstein M, Suozzi K, Gallaher M, Dietz V, Stevenson J. Impact of the standards for pediatric immunization practices on vaccination coverage levels. JAMA 1996;276:626–30.
Waterman SH, Hill LL, Robyn B, et al. Model immunization demonstration for preschoolers in an inner-city barrio, San Diego, California, 1992–94. Am J Prev Med 1996;12(Suppl 1):8–13.
Browngoehl K, Kennedy K, Krotki K, Mainzer H. Increasing immunization: a Medicaid managed care model. Pediatrics 1997;99(1):E4.
Holtmann AG. Economics of U.S. immunization policy. In: Pauly MV, Robinson CA, Sepe SJ, et al. eds. Supplying vaccine: an economic analysis of critical issues. Washington, DC: IOS press; 1996:153–73.
Karuza J, Calkins E, Feather J, Hershey CO, Katz L, Majeroni B. Enhancing physician adoption of practice guidelines: dissemination of influenza vaccination guideline using a small-group consensus process. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:625–32.
Lukasik MH, Pratt G. Telephone: an overlooked technology for prevention in family medicine. Can Fam Physician 1987;33:1997–2001.
Paunio M, Virtanen M, Peltola H, et al. Increase of vaccination coverage by mass media and individual approach: intensified measles, mumps, and rubella prevention program in Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:1152–60.
Elangovan S, Kallail KJ, Vargo G. Improving pneumococcal vaccination rates in an elderly population by patient education in an outpatient clinic. J Am Board Fam Pract 1996;9:411–3.
Elster AB, Lamb ME, Tavare J, Ralston CW. Medical and psychosocial impact of comprehensive care on adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. JAMA 1987;258:1187–92.
Etkind P, Simon M, Shannon S, et al. Impact of the Medicare Influenza Demonstration Project on influenza vaccination in a county in Massachusetts, 1988–1992. J Community Health 1996;21:199–209.
Hand JS, Anderson D, Feffer D, Day CA. Successful school immunization program—or not? J Sch Health 1980;50:5.
Macdonald H, Roder D. Planning, implementation and evaluation of an immunization promotion campaign in South Australia. Hygiene 1985;4:13–7.
Turner BJ, Day SC, Borenstein B. Controlled trial to improve delivery of preventive care: physician or patient reminders. J Gen Intern Med 1989;4:403–9.
Dickey LL, Petitti D. Patient-held minirecord to promote adult preventive care. J Fam Pract 1992; 34:457–63.
Herman CJ, Speroff T, Cebul RD. Improving compliance with immunization in the older adult: results of a randomized cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:1154–9.
Westman S, Halbert RJ, Walton LG, Henneman CE. A 'clinic without walls': the Los Angeles Immunization Demonstration Project. Am J Public Health 1997;87:293–4.

Vaccination Requirements for Child Care, School, and College Attendance (9 qualifying studies)

Community-Wide Education Only (1 qualifying study)

Clinic-Based Education Only (3 qualifying studies)

Client-Held Medical Records (4 qualifying studies)

Reducing Out-of-Pocket Costs (19 qualifying studies)

O'Sullivan AL, Jacobsen BS. Randomized trial of a health care program for first-time adolescent mothers and their infants. Nurs Res 1992;41(4):210–5.
Ohmit SE, Furumoto-Dawson A, Monto AS, Fasano N. Influenza vaccine use among an elderly population in a community intervention. Am J Prev Med 1995;11:271–6.
Holtmann AG. Economics of U.S. immunization policy. In: Pauly MV, Robinson CA, Sepe SJ, et al. eds. Supplying vaccine: an economic analysis of critical issues. Washington, DC: IOS press; 1996:153–73.
Moran WP, Nelson K, Wofford JL, Velez R. Computer-generated mailed reminders for influenza immunization: a clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med 1992;7:535–7.
Nexoe J, Kragstrup J, Ronne T. Impact of postal invitations and user fee on influenza vaccination rates among the elderly: a randomized controlled trial in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 1997;15:109–12.
Satterthwaite P. Randomized intervention study to examine the effect on immunization coverage of making influenza vaccine available at no cost. N Z Med J 1997;110:58–60.
Etkind P, Simon M, Shannon S, et al. Impact of the Medicare Influenza Demonstration Project on influenza vaccination in a county in Massachusetts, 1988–1992. J Community Health 1996;21:199–209.
Arnold PJ, Schlenker TL. Impact of health care financing on childhood immunization practices. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1992;146:728–32.
Combs SP, Walter EB, Drucker RP, Clements DA. Removing a major barrier to universal hepatitis B immunization in infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:112–4.
Hutchins SS, Rosenthal J, Eason P, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of linking the special supplemental program for women, infants and children (WIC) and immunization activities, 1997. American Journal of Public Health Policy 1999;20(4):408-26.
Ives DG, Lave JR, Traven ND, Kuller LH. Impact of Medicare reimbursement on influenza vaccination rates in the elderly. Prev Med 1994;23:134–41.
Lurie N, Manning WG, Peterson C, Goldberg GA, Phelps CA, Lillard L. Preventive care: do we practice what we preach? Am J Public Health 1987;77:801–4.
Mainous AG III, Hueston WJ. Medicaid free distribution programs and availability of childhood immunizations in rural practices. Fam Med 1995;27:166–9.
Rodewald LE, Szilagyi PG, Holl J, Shone LR, Zwanziger J, Raubertas RF. Health insurance for low-income, working families: impact on the delivery of immunizations to preschool children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:798–803.
Ruch-Ross HS, O'Connor KG. Immunization referral practices of pediatricians in the United States. Pediatrics 1994; 94:508–12.
Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE, Humiston SG, et al. Effect of 2 urban emergency department immunization programs on childhood immunization rates. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:999–1006.
Taylor JA, Darden PM, Slora E, Hasemeier CM, Asmussen L, Wasserman R. Influence of provider behavior, parental characteristics, and a public policy initiative on the immunization status of children followed by private pediatricians: a study from pediatric research in office settings. Pediatrics 1997;99:209–15.
Zimmerman RK, Janosky JE. Immunization barriers in Minnesota private practices: the influence of economics and training on vaccine timing. Family Practice Research Journal 1993;13:213–24.
Zimmerman RK, Medsger AR, Ricci EM, Raymund M, Mieczkowski TA, Grufferman S. Impact of free vaccine and insurance status on physician referral of children to public vaccine clinics. JAMA 1997;278:996–1000.

Expanding Access in Healthcare Settings (16 qualifying studies)

Pierce C, Goldstein M, Suozzi K, Gallaher M, Dietz V, Stevenson J. Impact of the standards for pediatric immunization practices on vaccination coverage levels. JAMA 1996;276:626–30.
Waterman SH, Hill LL, Robyn B, et al. Model immunization demonstration for preschoolers in an inner-city barrio, San Diego, California, 1992–94. Am J Prev Med 1996;12(Suppl 1):8–13.
Browngoehl K, Kennedy K, Krotki K, Mainzer H. Increasing immunization: a Medicaid managed care model. Pediatrics 1997;99(1):E4.
Karuza J, Calkins E, Feather J, Hershey CO, Katz L, Majeroni B. Enhancing physician adoption of practice guidelines: dissemination of influenza vaccination guideline using a small-group consensus process. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:625–32.
Lukasik MH, Pratt G. Telephone: an overlooked technology for prevention in family medicine. Can Fam Physician 1987;33:1997–2001.
Hutchison BG, Shannon HS. Effect of repeated annual reminder letters on influenza immunization among elderly patients. J Fam Pract 1991;33:187–9.
Margolis KL, Nichol KL, Wuorenma J, Von Sternberg TL. Exporting a successful influenza vaccination program from a teaching hospital to a community outpatient setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:1021–3.
Moran WP, Nelson K, Wofford JL, Velez R. Computer-generated mailed reminders for influenza immunization: a clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med 1992;7:535–7.
Nichol KL, Korn JE, Margolis KL, Poland GA, Petzel RA, Lofgren RP. Achieving the national health objective for influenza immunization: success of an institution-wide vaccination program. Am J Med 1990;89:156–60.
Nicholson KG, Wiselka MJ, May A. Influenza vaccination of the elderly: perceptions and policies of general practitioners and outcome of the 1985–86 immunization programme in Trent, UK. Vaccine 1987;5:302–6.
Yokley JM, Glenwick DS. Increasing the immunization of preschool children: an evaluation of applied community interventions. J Appl Behav Anal 1984;17:313–25.
Elster AB, Lamb ME, Tavare J, Ralston CW. Medical and psychosocial impact of comprehensive care on adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. JAMA 1987;258:1187–92.
Macdonald H, Roder D. Planning, implementation and evaluation of an immunization promotion campaign in South Australia. Hygiene 1985;4:13–7.
Merkel PA, Caputo GC. Evaluation of a simple office-based strategy for increasing influenza vaccine administration and the effect of differing reimbursement plans on the patient acceptance rate. J Gen Intern Med 1994;9:679–83.
Nichol KL. Improving influenza vaccination rates for high-risk inpatients. Am J Med 1991;91:584–8.
Rodewald LE, Szilagyi PG, Humiston SG, et al. Effect of emergency department immunizations on immunization rates and subsequent primary care visits. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:1271–6.

Vaccination Programs in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children Settings (4 qualifying studies)

Home Visits (7 qualifying studies)

Vaccination Programs in Schools (1 qualifying study)

Provider Reminder/Recall (30 qualifying studies)

Karuza J, Calkins E, Feather J, Hershey CO, Katz L, Majeroni B. Enhancing physician adoption of practice guidelines: dissemination of influenza vaccination guideline using a small-group consensus process. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:625–32.
Lukasik MH, Pratt G. Telephone: an overlooked technology for prevention in family medicine. Can Fam Physician 1987;33:1997–2001.
Paunio M, Virtanen M, Peltola H, et al. Increase of vaccination coverage by mass media and individual approach: intensified measles, mumps, and rubella prevention program in Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:1152–60.
Barton MB, Schoenbaum SC. Improving influenza vaccination performance in an HMO setting: the use of computer-generated reminders and peer comparison feedback. Am J Public Health 1990;80:534–6.
Becker DM, Gomez EB, Kaiser DL, Yoshihasi A, Hodge RH. Improving prevention care at a medical clinic: how can the patient help? Am J Prev Med 1989;5:353–9.
Frame PS, Zimmer JG, Werth PL, Jackson Hall W, Eberly SW. Computer-based vs manual health maintenance tracking: a controlled study. Arch Fam Med 1994;3:581–8.
McDowell I, Newell C, Rosser W. Comparison of three methods of recalling patients for influenza vaccination. CMAJ 1986;135:991–7.
Ornstein SM, Garr DR, Jenkins RG, Rust PF, Arnon A. Computer-generated physician and patient reminders: tools to improve population adherence to selected preventive services. J Fam Pract 1991;32:82–90.
Elangovan S, Kallail KJ, Vargo G. Improving pneumococcal vaccination rates in an elderly population by patient education in an outpatient clinic. J Am Board Fam Pract 1996;9:411–3.
Turner BJ, Day SC, Borenstein B. Controlled trial to improve delivery of preventive care: physician or patient reminders. J Gen Intern Med 1989;4:403–9.
Rodewald LE, Szilagyi PG, Humiston SG, et al. Effect of emergency department immunizations on immunization rates and subsequent primary care visits. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:1271–6.
Rodewald LE, Szilagyi PG, Humiston SG, Barth R, Kraus R, Raubertas RF. Randomized study of tracking with outreach and provider prompting to improve immunization coverage and primary care. Pediatrics 1999;103:31–8.
Chambers CV, Balaban DJ, Carlson BL, Grasberger DM. Effect of microcomputer-generated reminders on influenza vaccination rates in a university-based family practice center. J Am Board Fam Pract 1991;4:19–26.
Cheney C, Ramsdell JW. Effect of medical records' checklists on implementation of periodic health measures. Am J Med 1987;83:129–36.
Cohen DI, Littenberg B, Wetzel C, Neuhauser D. Improving physician compliance with preventive medicine guidelines. Med Care 1982;20:1040–5.
Crouse BJ, Nichol K, Peterson DC, Grimm MB. Hospital-based strategies for improving influenza vaccination rates. J Fam Pract 1994;38:258–61.
Gelfman DM, Witherspoon JM, Buchsbaum DG, Centor RM. Short-term results of an immunization compliance program. Virginia Medical 1986;113:532–4.
Hahn DL, Berger MG. Implementation of a systematic health maintenance protocol in a private practice. J Fam Pract 1990;31:492–504.
Harper PG, Murray DM. Organizational strategy to improve adolescent measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in a low socioeconomic population: a method to reduce missed opportunities. Arch Fam Med 1994;3:257–62.
Harper PG, Madlon-Kay DJ, Luxenberg MG, Tempest R. Clinic system to improve preschool vaccinations in a low socioeconomic status population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:1220–3.
Harris RP, O'Malley MS, Fletcher SW, Knight BP. Prompting physicians for preventive procedures: a five-year study of manual and computer reminders. Am J Prev Med 1990;6:145–52.
Hutchison BG. Effect of computer-generated nurse/physician reminders on influenza immunization among seniors. Fam Med 1989;21:433–7.
Klein RS, Adachi N. Pneumococcal vaccine in the hospital: improved use and implications for high-risk patients. Arch Intern Med 1983;143:1878–81.
Korn JE, Schlossberg LA, Rich EC. Improved preventive care following an intervention during an ambulatory care rotation: carryover to a second setting. J Gen Intern Med 1988;3:156–60.
McDonald CJ, Hui SL, Smith DM, et al. Reminders to physicians from an introspective computer medical record: a two-year randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:130–8.
Shreiner DT, Petrusa ER, Rettie CS, Kluge RM. Improving compliance with preventive medicine procedures in a house staff training program. South Med J 1988;81:1553–7.
Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE, Humiston SG, et al. Reducing missed opportunities for immunizations: easier said than done. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:1193–200.
Tape TG, Givner N, Wigton RS. Process in ambulatory care: a controlled clinical trial of computerized records. 12th Annual Greenes RA, ed. IEEE Computer Society Press. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 1988;749–52.
Tierney WM, Hui SL, McDonald CJ. Delayed feedback of physician performance versus immediate reminders to perform preventive care: effects on physician compliance. Med Care 1986;24:659–66.
Weingarten MA, Bazel D, Shannon HS. Computerized protocol for preventive medicine: a controlled self-audit in family practice. Fam Pract 1989;6:120–4.

Assessment and Feedback for Vaccination Providers (14 qualifying studies)

Karuza J, Calkins E, Feather J, Hershey CO, Katz L, Majeroni B. Enhancing physician adoption of practice guidelines: dissemination of influenza vaccination guideline using a small-group consensus process. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:625–32.
Barton MB, Schoenbaum SC. Improving influenza vaccination performance in an HMO setting: the use of computer-generated reminders and peer comparison feedback. Am J Public Health 1990;80:534–6.
Buffington J, Bell KM, LaForce FM. Target-based model for increasing influenza immunizations in private practice. J Gen Intern Med 1991;6:204–9.
Kouides RW, Lewis B, Bennett NM, et al. Performance-based incentive program for influenza immunization in the elderly. Am J Prev Med 1993;9:250–5.
Rodewald LE, Szilagyi PG, Humiston SG, Barth R, Kraus R, Raubertas RF. Randomized study of tracking with outreach and provider prompting to improve immunization coverage and primary care. Pediatrics 1999;103:31–8.
Chodroff CH. Cancer screening and immunization quality assurance using a personal computer. Quality Review Bulletin 1990;16:279–87.
Harper PG, Murray DM. Organizational strategy to improve adolescent measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in a low socioeconomic population: a method to reduce missed opportunities. Arch Fam Med 1994;3:257–62.
Harper PG, Madlon-Kay DJ, Luxenberg MG, Tempest R. Clinic system to improve preschool vaccinations in a low socioeconomic status population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:1220–3.
Korn JE, Schlossberg LA, Rich EC. Improved preventive care following an intervention during an ambulatory care rotation: carryover to a second setting. J Gen Intern Med 1988;3:156–60.
Tierney WM, Hui SL, McDonald CJ. Delayed feedback of physician performance versus immediate reminders to perform preventive care: effects on physician compliance. Med Care 1986;24:659–66.
Carey TS, Levis D, Pickard CG, Bernstein J. Development of a model quality-of-care assessment program for adult preventive care in rural medical practices. Quality Review Bulletin 1991;17:54–9.
Kern DE, Harris WL, Boekeloo BO. Use of an outpatient medical record audit to achieve educational objectives: changes in residentsâ�� performances over six years. J Gen Intern Med 1990;5:218–24.
LeBaron CW, Chaney M, Baughman AL, et al. Impact of measurement and feedback on vaccination coverage in public clinics, 1988–1994. JAMA 1997;277:631–5.
Lynch ML. Uptake of childhood immunization and financial incentives to general practitioners. Health Econ 1994;3:117–25.

Standing Orders (11 qualifying studies)

Provider Education Only (4 qualifying studies)

Studies Reviewed But Not used

These are studies listed by topic reviewed, but not used in determining Task Force recommendations due to design suitability or quality of execution. Please click on the topic title or black triangle to expand and see the list under each topic.

Client Reminder/Recall

Carter H. Measles and rubella immunisation in Fife. Midwife, Health Visitor, and Community Nurse 1988;24:72–4.
Chiu TT, Barata SL, Unsicker DM, Brennan L. Community mobilization for preschool immunizations: the 'Shots by Two' project. Am J Public Health 1997;87:462–3.
Cooling N, Sturge G, Meumann F. Flu vaccination recall database. Med J Aust 1993;159:427.
Holtmann AG. Economics of U.S. immunization policy. In: Pauly MV, Robinson CA, Sepe SJ, et al. eds. Supplying vaccine: an economic analysis of critical issues. Washington, DC: IOS press; 1996:153–73.
Bell JC, Whitehead P, Chey T, Smith W, Capon AG, Jalaludin B. Epidemiology of incomplete childhood immunization: an analysis of reported immunization status in outer western Sydney. J Paediatr Child Health 1993;29:384–8.
Ferson MJ, Fitzsimmons G, Christie D, Woollett H. School health nurse interventions to increase immunisation uptake in school entrants. Public Health 1995;109:25–9.
Garr DR, Ornstein SM, Jenkins RG, Zemp LD. Effect of routine use of computer-generated preventive reminders in a clinical practice. Am J Prev Med 1993;9:55–61.
Gerace TM, Sangster JF. Influenza vaccination: a comparison of two outreach strategies. Fam Med 1988;20:43–5.
Honkanen PO, Keistinen T, Kivel SL. Impact of vaccination strategy and methods of information on influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage in the elderly population. Vaccine 1997;15:317–20.
Kouides RW, Lewis B, Bennett NM, et al. Performance-based incentive program for influenza immunization in the elderly. Am J Prev Med 1993;9:250–5.
Leirer VO, Morrow DG, Pariante G, Doksum T. Increasing influenza vaccination adherence through voice mail. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:1147–50.
Mansoor OD. Ask and you shall be given: practice based immunisation coverage information. N Z Med J 1993;106:504–5.
Murphy AW, Harrington M, Bury G, et al. Impact of a collaborative immunisation programme in an inner city practice. Ir Med J 1996;89:220–1.
Newman CPStJ. Immunization in childhood and computer scheme participation. Public Health 1983;97:208–13.
Nicholson KG, Wiselka MJ, May A. Influenza vaccination of the elderly: perceptions and policies of general practitioners and outcome of the 1985–86 immunization programme in Trent, UK. Vaccine 1987;5:302–6.
Peterson L. Prevention and community compliance in immunization schedules. Prevention and Health: Directions for Policy and Practice 1987;5:79–95.
Thompson RS. What have HMOs learned about clinical prevention services? An examination of the experience at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. Milbank Q 1996;74:469–509.
Young SA, Halpin TJ, Johnson DA, Irvin JJ, Marks JS. Effectiveness of a mailed reminder on the immunization levels of infants at high risk of failure to complete immunizations. Am J Public Health 1980;70:422–4.

Multicomponent Interventions that Include Education

Carter H. Measles and rubella immunisation in Fife. Midwife, Health Visitor, and Community Nurse 1988;24:72–4.
Chiu TT, Barata SL, Unsicker DM, Brennan L. Community mobilization for preschool immunizations: the 'Shots by Two' project. Am J Public Health 1997;87:462–3.
Bennett NM, Lewis B, Doniger AS, et al. Coordinated, communitywide program in Monroe County, New York, to increase influenza immunization rates in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1741–5.
Bloom HG, Bloom JS, Krasnoff L, Frank AD. Increased utilization of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in an elderly hospitalized population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36:897–901.
Broussard LA, Blankenship FB. Shots for tots: Louisiana's infant immunization initiative. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses 1996;1:113–6.
Brownlee HJ, Brown DL, D'Angelo RJ. Utilization of pneumococcal vaccine in a family practice residency. J Fam Pract 1982;15:1111–4.
Campbell JF, Donohoe MA, Nevin-Woods C, et al. Hawaii pneumococcal disease initiative. Am J Public Health 1993;83:1175–6.
Cates CJ. Handout about tetanus immunisation: influence on immunisation rate in general practice. BMJ 1990;300:789–90.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National coalition for adult immunization: activities to increase influenza vaccination levels, 1989–1991. MMWR 1992;41:772–5.
Knoell KR, Leeds AL. Influenza vaccination program for elderly outpatients. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 1991;48:256–9.
Madlon-Kay DJ. Improving the periodic health examination: use of a screening flow chart for patients and physicians. J Fam Pract 1987;25:470–3.
Ratner ER, Fedson DS. Influenza and pneumococcal immunization in medical clinics, 1978–1980. Arch Intern Med 1983;143:2066–9.
Williams DM, Daugherty LM, Aycock DG, Lindley CM, Harris MJ. Effectiveness of improved targeting efforts for influenza immunization in an ambulatory care setting. Hospital Pharmacy 1987;22:462–4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal immunization program—California, 1986–1988. MMWR 1989;38:517–9.
Dickey LL, Petitti D. Patient-held minirecord to promote adult preventive care. J Fam Pract 1992; 34:457–63.
Herman CJ, Speroff T, Cebul RD. Improving compliance with immunization in the older adult: results of a randomized cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:1154–9.
Rodriguez RM, Baraff LJ. Emergency department immunization of the elderly with pneumococcal and influenza vaccines. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1729–32.

Vaccination Requirements for Child Care, School, and College Attendance

Community-Wide Education Only

Clinic-Based Education Only

Client or Family Incentives

Client-Held Medical Records

Reducing Out-of-Pocket Costs

Expanding Access in Healthcare Settings

Vaccination Programs in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children Settings

Home Visits

Vaccination Programs in Schools

Vaccination Programs in Child Care Settings

Provider Reminder/Recall

Garr DR, Ornstein SM, Jenkins RG, Zemp LD. Effect of routine use of computer-generated preventive reminders in a clinical practice. Am J Prev Med 1993;9:55–61.
Murphy AW, Harrington M, Bury G, et al. Impact of a collaborative immunisation programme in an inner city practice. Ir Med J 1996;89:220–1.
Soljak MA, Handford S. Early results from the Northland immunisation register. N Z Med J 1987;100:244–6.
Brownlee HJ, Brown DL, D'Angelo RJ. Utilization of pneumococcal vaccine in a family practice residency. J Fam Pract 1982;15:1111–4.
Cates CJ. Handout about tetanus immunisation: influence on immunisation rate in general practice. BMJ 1990;300:789–90.
Knoell KR, Leeds AL. Influenza vaccination program for elderly outpatients. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 1991;48:256–9.
Madlon-Kay DJ. Improving the periodic health examination: use of a screening flow chart for patients and physicians. J Fam Pract 1987;25:470–3.
Ratner ER, Fedson DS. Influenza and pneumococcal immunization in medical clinics, 1978–1980. Arch Intern Med 1983;143:2066–9.
Williams DM, Daugherty LM, Aycock DG, Lindley CM, Harris MJ. Effectiveness of improved targeting efforts for influenza immunization in an ambulatory care setting. Hospital Pharmacy 1987;22:462–4.
Belcher DW. Implementing preventive services: success and failure in an outpatient trial. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:2533–41.
Klachko DM, Wright DL, Gardner DW. Effect of a microcomputer-based registry on adult immunizations. J Fam Pract 1989;29:169–72.
Merkel PA, Caputo GC. Evaluation of a simple office-based strategy for increasing influenza vaccine administration and the effect of differing reimbursement plans on the patient acceptance rate. J Gen Intern Med 1994;9:679–83.
Scarbrough ML, Landis SE. Pilot study for the development of a hospital-based immunization program. Clinical Nurse Specialist 1997;11:70–5.
Clark J, Day J, Howe E, Williams P, Biley A. Developing an immunisation protocol for the primary health care team. Health Visitor 1995;68:196–8.
Bell LM, Pritchard M, Anderko R, Levenson R. Program to immunize hospitalized preschool-aged children: evaluation and impact. Pediatrics 1997;100:192–6.
Brink SG. Provider reminders: changing information format to increase infant immunizations. Med Care 1989;27:648–53.
Carlin E, Carlson R, Nordin J. Using continuous quality improvement tools to improve pediatric immunization rates. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1996;22:277–88.
Chodroff CH. Cancer screening and immunization quality assurance using a personal computer. Quality Review Bulletin 1990;16:279–87.
Clancy CM, Gelfman D, Poses RM. Strategy to improve the utilization of pneumococcal vaccine. J Gen Intern Med 1992;7:14–8.
Gill JM, Fisher JA. Improving childhood immunizations in a family practice office. Del Med J 1997;69:13–9.
Loeser H, Zvagulis I, Hercz L, Pless IB. Organization and evaluation of a computer-assisted, centralized immunization registry. Am J Public Health 1983;73:1298–301.
Mandel I, Franks P, Dickinson J. Improving physician compliance with preventive medicine guidelines. J Fam Pract 1985;21:223–4.
Payne TH, Galvin M, Taplin SH, Austin B, Savarino J, Wagner EH. Practicing population-based care in an HMO: evaluation after 18 months. HMO Practice 1995;9:101–6.
Ravet J. Opportunistic recall—a plateau. Med J Aust 1988;148:211.
Reading R, Colver A, Openshaw S, Jarvis S. Do interventions that improve immunisation uptake also reduce social inequalities in uptake? BMJ 1994;308:1142–4.
Rodney WM, Chopivsky P, Quan M. Adult immunization: the medical record design as a facilitator for physician compliance. Journal of Medical Education 1983;58:576–80.
Setia U, Serventi I, Lorenz P. Factors affecting the use of influenza vaccine in the institutionalized elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985;33:856–8.
Shank JC, Powell T, Llewelyn J. Five-year demonstration project associated with improvement in physician health maintenance behavior. Fam Med 1989;21:273–8.
Stets K, Harper P, Christensen R. Immunization audits and protocols: valuable tools to improve rates. Minn Med 1996;79:43–5.
Tobacman JK. Increased use of pneumococcal vaccination in a medicine clinic following initiation of a quality assessment monitor. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:144–6.

Assessment and Feedback for Vaccination Providers

Standing Orders

Provider Education Only